Sir Thomas Aquinas And William Paley s Argument On The...

Sir Thomas Aquinas and William Paley present two arguments for the existence of God. Aquinas defines God as omnibenevolent (all good) for his argument, and he continues in â€Å"The Five Ways† to present arguments to prove God’s existence (Rosen et al. 11). Paley, on the other hand, primarily defines God as a designer worthy of our admiration for his work (Rosen et al. 27). During class discussion, defining God involved three major qualities: omnipotence, omniscience, and omnibenevolence. Both Aquinas and Paley are attempting to prove the existence of the (Christian) God associated with these qualities. Although Aquinas’s â€Å"Cosmological Argument† and Paley’s â€Å"Argument from Design† have different premises, both have a similar logical gap in their†¦show more content†¦As discussed in class, modern scientific research provides alternatives to Aquinas’s presumed necessities. An infinite series of causes no longer seems im possible. This research disproves Aquinas s third premise (P3), and his argument for God as the first cause is consequently unnecessary. Furthermore, the fourth premise still has a logical gap between the first cause and God. Aquinas offers no explanation as to why the first cause must be God or a supernatural being at all. The first cause may just as easily be a spontaneous event, or a first cause may not exist at all in an infinite universal cycle. William Paley has a similar logical gap in his â€Å"Argument from Design,† but he attempts to address this issue in â€Å"Chapter V.† Previously in this argument, Paley attests that the nature of humans and their parts implies a designer. From the discussion in class, Paley’s argument can be organized as follows: P1. Artifacts like watches are complex and have a purpose. P2. Artifacts like watches have designers. P3. The human eye is complex and has a purpose. C1. Therefore, the human eye probably has a designer. This kind of argument is analogical, and it does not prove certainty by its nature. In the conclusion, â€Å"probably† is still a necessity. Certainty about the relevance of the traits of design cannot be proven in the same manner of other logical arguments. Complexity and purposefulness are not the only traits

Personality Changes From Infancy And Childhood Adulthood

Personality is conceptualised as the combination of a person’s independent experiences as well as their behaviours and actions relating to those behaviours (Kernberg, 2016). These experiences and actions result in multiple traits and characteristics that modern society uses to define a person’s identity. This essay explores how personality changes from infancy and childhood to adulthood. It will be argued that personality has the ability to be altered due to range of factors relating to increasing age and an individual’s surrounding environment and experiences. Discussion of a range of personality theories and examples of radical personality differences will further show that personalities can be changed through out life. A well known example of a personality change is known in modern society as a ‘midlife crisis’ and is found to occur amongst males aged thirty-five to sixty, more commonly referred to as middle aged. A midlife crisis is often characterised by a sudden and drastic change in behaviour due to an event or abrupt realisation. The concept of ‘crisis’ directly relates to the differing nature of one’s personality, which includes a change in morals, relationships, values and principles (Brim, 1976). It is proposed that this change may occur due it being the first time a man has reflected on his life and achievements and further compares them to the goals he had as a young male (Tamir, 1982). Brim’s Theories of the male mid-life crisis (1976) concludes that thereShow MoreRelatedThe Persistence Of Temperament And Personality1469 Words   |  6 PagesTemperament and Personality. 12. October. 2015 Abstract This paper will explore the topic of temperament and personality in developmental psychology. I will provide definitions, statistics and examples to explain what temperament is then following what personality is. 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Wake the Sleeper free essay sample

Wake the Sleeper Most of the local bands in the Philadelphia, Pennsylvania area are extremely talented. To start off my unsigned band reviews, I figured why not a band that I know, and love! Wake the Sleeper is an astonishingly amazing band. From their vocals down to theyre drumming, everything about this band is phenomenal. After a long period of silence from this group, they have once more risen, with a few replacements of members, and are back and better then ever before! If youve never heard of this band until now, know that the greatest way to be introduced to any band is to see them perform live, and this is no exception with Wake the Sleeper. Although the recordings on their MySpace are wonderful, nothing beats actually seeing them perform. If you would like more information on Wake the Sleeper, then please visit www.myspace.com/wakethesleeperpa. This is their MySpace, and also where youll find any information you might want, and you will also be able to them.

The Truth About Orthodox Christianity Essay Research free essay sample

The Truth About Orthodox Christianity Essay, Research Paper As described in The Grand Inquisitor by DostoevskyThe Hagiographas of Fyodor Dostoevsky and Helen Ellerbe show significant grounds that the Orthodox Christians did in fact bargain from humanity the Godhead freedom it was promised by Jesus Christ. This thesis is supported in Dostoevsky # 8217 ; s # 8220 ; The Grand Inquisitor # 8221 ; from his book The Brothers Karamazov. The dark side of Christian history by Helen Ellerbe besides supports this theory. The Inquisition itself shows credibleness to the theory that Orthodox Christianity was established to suppress and command the freedom of worlds. 2. Orthodox Christianity has a history of seeking to lead on humanity. In her book, Ellerbe proclaims that: # 8220 ; Orthodox Christianity fostered humanity # 8217 ; s switch towards a universe position that pays little heed to the thought of divinity. # 8221 ; ( Ellerbe 165 ) . In add-on, the Grand Inquisitor # 8220 ; # 8230 ; claims it as a virtue for himself and his Church that at last they have vanquished freedom and have done so to do work forces happy. We will write a custom essay sample on The Truth About Orthodox Christianity Essay Research or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page # 8221 ; ( Dostoevsky 1081 ) . 3. Reading # 8220 ; The Grand Inquisitor # 8221 ; while sing the history of early Christianity, the inquiry can be asked, # 8220 ; Did orthodox Christians truly believe in God? # 8221 ; Or is the God they believed in a pretense that Christianity has put frontward to hold humanity believe in Him through its instructions merely. The Roman Church had taken God # 8217 ; s jubilations of nature and converted them to Christian jubilation. In The dark side of Christian history, Ellerbe supports this when she writes # 8220 ; Unable to convert people of the absence of God in nature, the early Church alternatively incorporated facets of the very nature worship it condemned # 8230 ; # 8221 ; ( Ellerbe 143 ) . 4. The Spanish Inquisition was established in 1478. King Ferdinand V and Queen Isabella I requested the Inquisition. At first, The concern of the Inquisition in Spain was over the transition of Marranos: Marranos were Hebrews that were converted to Christianity utilizing force and force per unit area by society. It is estimated that by the terminal of the fourteenth century about 100,000 Hebrews had become Marranos, although the greater figure of Jews openly adhered to their religion even at the hazard of ejection. Some Marranos really accepted Christianity, but most of them practiced Judaism in secret, while others waited merely for an chance to throw off their Christian camouflage ( Encarta 99 ) . Subsequently, the Inquisition turned to people of Islam and attempted to change over the in the same manner they had done to the Jews. And, even later, to those suspected of being Protestants. The Spanish Inquisition was similar to the first Inquisition that was started in France. It was centrally directed by the Supreme Council of the Inquisition, but its processs were similar to its medieval counterpart. # 8221 ; Although the Spanish Inquisition received blessing from the Pope, the pontificate turned the control of the Inquisition over to the King and Queen after merely a few old ages of being started. The prose that Ivan Karamozov wrote in # 8220 ; The Grand Inquisitor # 8221 ; was set in Seville, Spain. 5. Dominican Churchmen, including Tomas de Torquemada, every bit good as other spiritual, were officers of the Inquisition. The most influential and ill-famed Grand Inquisitor of the Spanish Inquisition was Tomas de Torquemada. Tomas was the first Grand Inquisitor and executed 1000s of suspected misbelievers. It can be assumed, but non substantiated, that the Grand Inquisitor in Dostoevsky # 8217 ; s narrative is the same individual or has a really close resemblance. Dostoevsky portrays the Grand Inquisitor # 8217 ; s garb: # 8220 ; He is non dressed in his gorgeous central # 8217 ; s vest. As he was the twenty-four hours before, when he was firing the enemies of the Roman Church. # 8221 ; ( Dostoevsky 1079 ) . Of class, this is merely guess on my portion since little more is known about the Inquisitors themselves. The Grand Inquisitor involves taking the adult male executing miracles in forepart of the cathedral captive. The Grand Inquisitor begins to inquiry and endanger the P risoner. 6. The Grand Inquisitor tells the Prisoner that the Prisoner himself had turned all his power over to the Pope: # 8220 ; All has been given by Thee to the Pope, they say, and all, hence, is still in the Pope # 8217 ; s custodies # 8230 ; ( Dostoevsky 1080-1081 ) . This thought is besides in understanding in The dark side of Christian history where it is written: Christian religion has helped to make a society in which people are alienated non merely from each other but besides from the divine. # 8221 ; ( Ellerbe 1 ) . 7. The Grand Inquisitor # 8217 ; s statements and inquiries support the fraudulence of Orthodox Christianity. He accuses the Prisoner of disregarding adult male: # 8220 ; Thou didst reject the lone manner by which work forces might be happy. But, fortuitously, going Thou didst manus on the work to us. # 8221 ; ( Dostoevsky 1081 ) . During that clip of feeling ignored, Christianity was free to alter many Pagan beliefs to be vilified or to conform to Christian ideals. The Prisoner, when asked to make so by the apprehension spirit had refused to turn stones into loaves of staff of life. The Prisoner had turned away from supplying Man nutrient from Nature. The Church took this as another ground for Man to turn to it as their redemption. Dostoevsky writes: # 8220 ; They will happen us and shout to us, # 8220 ; Feed us, for those who have promised us fire from heaven oasis # 8217 ; t given it. # 8221 ; Then, And we alone shall feed them in Thy name, declaring falsely that it is in T hy name. Oh, neer, neer can they feed themselves without us! # 8221 ; ( Dostoevsky 1082 ) . Helen Ellerbe states that # 8220 ; The Church spent centuries forbiding shows of fear that involved nature. # 8221 ; ( Ellerbe 142 ) . In add-on to the giving up of nature, The Grand Inquisitor accuses the Prisoner had given work forces freedom, but adult male could non manage the freedom that was given to them. The Church took over that feeling of freedom. # 8220 ; For 15 centuries we have been wrestling with Thy freedom, but now it is ended and over for good # 8221 ; . ( Dostoevsky 1081 ) . And have concluded that they have taken control of adult male # 8217 ; s freedom: # 8220 ; But allow me state Thee now, today, people are more persuaded than of all time that they have perfect freedom, yet they have brought their freedom to us and laid it meekly at our pess. ( Dostoevsky 1081 ) and # 8220 ; Modern thought most frequently validated Christian dogmas. The perceptual experience that the universe operates like a machine or a clock corroborated St. Augustine # 8217 ; s contention that human existences have no free will. # 8221 ; ( Ellerbe 173 ) . Even Man # 8217 ; s freedom to observe was usurped by Orthodox Christianity. Humanity had been forced by the church to see their heathen events as Christian. Christian vacations were held at the same clip. One of those vacations held most beloved by humanity today, Christmas was made to match to the heathen jubilation of the winter solstice. What we call Easter as Christians had virtually the same significance as the heathen holidays Attis.† ( Ellerbe 148 ) . 8. The Prisoner uses the public presentation of miracles to act upon the people and have them worship Him. Whenever the words He, Him, Thee, and Thou are capitalized in all grammatical instances, we have become accustomed to mentioning to God and/or Jesus Christ. In The Great Inquisitor this remains the instance. The Grand Inquisitor refers to the talk in the wilderness and says to the Prisoner, # 8220 ; the great spirit talked with Thee in the wilderness, and we are told in the books that he # 8220 ; tempted # 8221 ; Thee # 8221 ; . ( Dostoevsky 1081 ) . This statement was in mention to Satan # 8217 ; s enticement of Christ in the wilderness. 9. Simply touch the Prisoner or His garments performed miracles: # 8220 ; He holds out His custodies to them, blesses them, and a healing virtuousness comes from contact with Him, even with His garments. An old adult male in the crowd, blind from childhood, cries out, # 8216 ; O Lord, mend me and I shall see Thee! # 8217 ; and, as it were, graduated tables fall from his eyes and the blind adult male sees Him. # 8221 ; . ( Dostoevsky 1079 ) . 10. He raises the girl of a outstanding citizen from the dead: # 8220 ; The emanation arrests, the casket is laid on the stairss at His pess. He looks with compassion, and His lips one time more quietly pronounce, # 8216 ; Maiden, arise! # 8217 ; and the maiden arises. # 8221 ; . ( Dostoevsky 1079 ) . 11. These are miracles that Christians relate to Jesus Christ. Yet the Orthodox Christians believed that decease was a passing from an Earth that was possessed by the Satan to deliverance to God in Eden. Orthodox Christians, in their attempt to suppress it, frequently ended up lauding decease. Jesus # 8217 ; s most valuable act was understood to be non his miracles of mending or his message of love and peace, but instead his act of deceasing. The Bible provinces that # 8220 ; the twenty-four hours of decease [ is better ] than the twenty-four hours of one # 8217 ; s birth # 8221 ; . ( Ellerbe 162 ) . 12. HE is soundless because speaking would give support to the Church # 8217 ; s Inquisition. His visual aspect and aura entirely shows understanding and love. It besides shows that Jesus will non reply to the Grand Inquisitor. He will non acknowledge that the Church is right, but it puts him in a gimmick 22. If he does reply, the Church is justified in their Inquisition of Humanity. At points where He should be wrought with choler the Prisoner continues to look upon the Grand Inquisitor with consideration. His visual aspect and aura entirely shows understanding and love. This is understood by the interrogator and is steadfastly rejected, # 8220 ; And why dost Thou expression mutely and searchingly at me with Thy mild eyes? Be angry. I don # 8217 ; t want Thy love, for I love Thee not. # 8221 ; ( Dostoevsky 1086 ) . The Grand Inquisitor receives his reply to all his inquiries and accusals at the terminal of the narrative. The Prisoner, still soundless, places a buss on the lips o f the interrogator. 13. The Grand Inquisitor joins the cagey people. The interrogator now understands that the Christians will neer accomplish their ends to convey people into harmoniousness with themselves. As Ivan says in the narrative: You see, merely suppose that there was one such adult male among all those who desire nil but foul stuff gain-if there # 8217 ; s merely one like my old Inquisitor, who had himself eaten roots in the desert and made frenzied attempts to repress his flesh to do himself free and perfect. But yet all his life he loved humanity, and all of a sudden his eyes were opened, and he saw that it is no great moral beatitude to achieve flawlessness and freedom, if at the same clip one additions the strong belief that 1000000s of God # 8217 ; s animals have been created as a jeer, that they will neer be capable of utilizing their freedom, that these hapless Rebels can neer turn into giants to finish the tower, that it was non for such geese that the great dreamer woolgather his dream of harmoniousness. Sing all that he turned back and joined- the clever people. ( Dostoevsky 1089 ) . 14. The Grand Inquisitor was an atheist but could non interrupt away from Orthodox Christianity. This was the Inquisitor # 8217 ; s secret in the full narrative. The Grand Inquisitor could non deny Him as could the cagey people that he joined. # 8220 ; They have no such great inventiveness and no enigmas and secrets. . . .Perhaps nil but Atheism, that # 8217 ; s all their secret. Your Inquisitor does non believe in God, that # 8217 ; s his secret. # 8221 ; ( Dostoevsky 1089 ) . 15. The Inquisition was the vehicle by which the Church could cover-up its prevarications to humanity. This has been shown by Ivan Karamozov, in an extract from The Grand Inquisitor: # 8220 ; My narrative is laid in Spain, in Seville, in the most awful clip of the Inquisition, when fires were lighted every twenty-four hours to the glorification of God, # 8230 ; # 8221 ; ( Dostoevsky 1078 ) . In the The dark side of Christian history it is stated that, # 8220 ; the Church turned its force against European society itself, establishing a barbarous assault upon southern France and establishing the Inquisi-tion. # 8221 ; ( Ellerbe 3 ) . Therefore when people in the fifteenth century radius of freedom, it was merely the freedom that the Church allowed them to hold. 16. The Grand Inquisitor proves the thesis of this paper. Ivan says: # 8230 ; he sees that he ( the Inquisitor ) must follow the advocate of the wise spirit, the awful spirit of decease and devastation, and therefor accept prevarication and misrepresentation, and lead work forces consciously to decease and devastation, and yet lead on them all the manner so that they may non detect where they are being led, that the hapless blind animals may at least on the manner think themselves happy. ( Dostoevsky 1089 ) . 17. Besides, Ellerbe states: # 8220 ; The perceptual experience that the Universe operates like a machine or a Clock corroborated St. Augustine # 8217 ; s contention that human existences have no free will. # 8221 ; ( Ellerbe 173 ) . And # 8220 ; Atheism merely extended the Christian thought that God is distant and removed from the physical universe. Once people accepted that, it was non hard to believe that God did non be at all # 8221 ; ( Ellerbe 171 ) . 18. All the historical grounds of the Inquisition and the Hagiographas of Dostoevsky and Ellerbe show significant grounds that the Orthodox Christians did in fact bargain from humanity the Godhead freedom it was promised by Jesus Christ. Works CitedEllerbe, Helen. The dark side of Christian history. San Rafael, CA: Morningstar Books, 1995. Dostoevsky, Fyodor ; The Grand Inquisitor from The Brothers Karamozov. Taken from Literature of the Western World by Wilke, Brian, and Hurt, James Microsoft Encarta 99, Microsoft Corporation, 1993-1998.

Ode on Melancholy Essays

Ode on Melancholy Essays Ode on Melancholy Paper Ode on Melancholy Paper The differences highlighted between Ode to a nightingale and To Autumn is, their way of accepting is based on different concepts. To Autumn does so in a positive way whilst Ode to a Nightingale does not. To Autumn can be related to Ode on Melancholy; their ideas on life are similar. Ode on Melancholys theme is based on the idea that melancholy cannot be felt without feeling joy. Keats presents this through the view of Joy being unable to feel melancholy, save him whose strenuous tongue / Can burst Joys grape against his palate fine. The grape metaphorically presents the feeling of happiness and that it needs to burst and be fully tasted in order for melancholy to be completely felt or understood. To Autumn is similar in the sense that Keats understands that life and death come with each other, you cannot experience spring without experiencing the robin red breast in winter. To Autumn also makes the distinction between life and death and how they cannot be without each other when he says full-grown lamb. Lamb presents new birth and the idea of a full life ahead, whereas full-grown presents old and near death. This use of synaesthesia of the bee-mouth is able to show how quickly joy and pleasure can turn into melancholy. Sometimes there are no warning signs. It is precisely the fact that joy will come to an end that makes the experience of joy such a ravishing one; the fact that beauty dies makes the experience of beauty sharper and more thrilling. However, there are many contrasts as beauty is represented but also taken away by melancholic imagery. Like a weeping cloud is a very significant simile as nature is represented negatively although it is a common action, rain. However, weeping represents the idea of sadness and grief. Rain is not generally a negative aspect of nature. The contrast to the weeping cloud is made when this rain is able to foster the droop-headed flowers showing melancholy is also nourishing like the rain which revives the drooping flowers. Here Keats has built up an extended metaphor. The rain is very significant as it also hides the green hill showing melancholy to cover up natures finer aspects. The colour imagery of green suggests fertility, beauty and aliveness; this is the contrast of joy and melancholy. Rain and sadness are able to hide natures beauties. This contrast is almost made in April shroud which has oxymoronic ideas as April is the month of natures renewal, a pleasant setting and shroud is a cloth used for death. This portrays the idea of the mutability of life. Sadness needs to be accepted in order to enjoy lifes pleasures. Nature is a source of melancholy and like some aspects of nature, such as rainbows and waves, melancholy is not always long lasting. It is meant to be temporary, as life has many emotions through the human world as well as the natural world.

How to Write a Resume for a Better Job at Your Company

How to Write a Resume for a Better Job at Your Company You’ve got all the resume basics down, and you hand-tailor each document to the job you want. But what do you do when the job you want is one rung up from the job you already have- at the company where you already work? When applying for internal promotions, you’ll still need to submit a resume- and the stakes are a little bit different than when applying to new places and positions. Remember: if you’re competing with other, outside candidates, you’ll have the leg up of being a known quantity- already orientated, already cleared, already background checked, already there. But you do still want to distinguish yourself from any of your competition.Use this resume to remind your superiors and supervisors of all that you’ve learned and accomplished while in your present position. If effective, after all, they need not look any further!When in doubt, here are a few great strategies.1. Pretend it’s for another company.Even though you know it isnâ⠂¬â„¢t, and you know it has to be different overall, it’s best not to assume that whoever reads this document is going to be intimately familiar with your work. Err on the side of detailing everything you’ve achieved where you are. Make a bulleted list of all of your accomplishments, paying particular attention to instances where you showed initiative or showed off leadership characteristics. Pitch it as though it’s going to a stranger.2. Talk about obstacles.You could also make an itemized list of obstacles you faced- but be sure to also include a description explaining how you overcame each, what you learned, and how you troubleshot any problems that arose.3. Cross-reference.Take a look at the official job posting for the promotion you want. Make a list of everything it asks for. Then match your current professional experience to that list. Highlight every instance where you’re a perfect match, and find a way to address any inconsistencies. Don’t forget to describe your skill set somewhere near the top- make sure your list matches nicely with theirs for the desired position.4. Include everything.Did you take an upgrading course, attend a conference or a workshop, or participate in any continuing education program through your employer? Don’t assume they remember or have a record of your doing so. Put that stuff on your resume as well. And if you took on any additional responsibilities not technically part of your purview, be sure to put these in.5. Add the good stuff.Put in plenty of examples of your going above and beyond, including any awards or official praise you’ve received in recognition of your performance. Show that you’re ready to move up because you’re already operating on that level. Talk about when you mentored or managed a team, and emphasize your leadership skills.6. Start early.If you’re not quite ready to start applying now for your promotion, start amassing this informatio n as you go- rather than trying to rack your brain for it in a few months when you’re ready to submit. Make a â€Å"brag book† of every time you do something noteworthy. It will make compiling your new resume all the easier when it comes time to apply for that internal promotion.

Chapter 9 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Chapter 9 - Essay Example The environment itself as the public sees it is what is around us. We see that we have a responsibility not to destroy it. It is where we live and what supports our life and all of the life around us. We also have a social responsibility but it is different in many ways. 2. Everywhere there is an abundance of the leftovers of business and our town is no exception. This includes wood, cans, paper, and plastic to name a few. There is smoke from smokestacks and pollution from vehicles getting there and transporting. There are many recycling efforts in play especially for cans, paper and plastic. Most of the companies that bring things in on pallets allow people to use the wood for projects and for burning if they wish so that helps. The air pollutions does not seem to be dealt with a lot though the water is being recycled as much as possible. 3. The issue of global warming is tremendously large. There are many things affecting it. Those countries that were not industrialized before are and the carbon products they are putting in the air are quite large. The rain forests that have filtered the air for generations are being removed for people to live there. There are more cars on the road in more countries than ever before. The ice sheets are melting, the permafrost is melting. It is a giant problem.

Journal Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 9

Journal - Assignment Example Men will spend most of their time watching sports and playing video games as well as watching violent actions. What they see will make them think that to be a real man you need to be violent and aggressive like the stars they watch in movie actions. Men should know that that is not true because to be successful you don’t have to be powerful and dominating women. Women on the other hand spend most of their time building relationships in the media. They visit social sites in pursuit of relationship which times become more involving than the face-to face meetings. Such a use of media by women should stop because they will make them think that part of their life is looking for men who to depend on. Women should spend most of their time reading on their fields and ways to make money and run a family rather than building relationships on the media. Media personalities in their programs especially commentators use some rather harsh words against women athletes. Like Don Imus refer to women basketball team as â€Å"nappy-headed hoe.† Commentators also focus on physical attractiveness of female athletes like Maria Sharapova. On the other hand they portray men as skillful and talented. Commentators’ should focus only on the skillful and how talented the athletes and should not brought in to athletics the sexual natures of the athletes. They sports like the super sport only bring us and analyze in dept the European leagues and women have very little space. We also see only men rugby on our sports channels and rarely do we see women rugby. This will affirm our cultural believe that because men participate in more physical games like rugby then they are strong. The gatekeepers in the media houses also majority are men and this should be changed to have a 50/50 representation. The gatekeepers are responsible for what we regard as more important. The first news headlines or what is on cover page of the newspapers

The Formation of Rocks in Ireland Essay Example for Free

The Formation of Rocks in Ireland Essay It is the most widespread type of intrusive igneous rock at the earth’s surface. Igneous rocks form when molten rock is erupted at a volcano and then cools and hardens to form solid rock (Holden, 2012). Granite rock is created when magma is forced between other rocks deep within the earths crust. The magma then cools due to the drop in temperature and crystallizes in caverns deep within the earth. The molten rock cools quite slowly over time, which allows the crystals to grow and develop inside the molten rock. Granite is transported to the surface of the earth by plate tectonics. The collision of continental plates moves the granite from deep within the crust of the earth to the surface. Granite is found in Ireland in the Wicklow Mountains. (http://www. talktalk. co. uk/reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0015252. html) Granite is distinguished by three features. Firstly, granite is composed of large mineral grains that bind tightly together. Secondly, granite always contains the minerals of quartz and feldspar. (http://www. windows2universe. org/earth/geology/ig_granite. html) These minerals give granite a light complexion, generally a pink or white colour. Thirdly, almost all granite is igneous and plutonic. This is because it formed from a fluid state, which was magma and it formed in a huge, deeply buried body also known as a pluton (http://geology. about. com/od/more_igrocks/a/granite. htm). Basalt Basalt is a common extrusive igneous rock. Basalt is commonly dark in colour. It has a fine-grained mineral texture which is due to the rapid cooling of the molten rock after it is erupted at a volcano. The rapid cooling occurs due to being exposed to the cooling air or water on the surface of the earth. Holden, 2012) Basalt is formed generally in three different environments: Oceanic divergent plate boundaries, oceanic hotspots and at hotspots and mantle plumes beneath continents. Basalt forms at oceanic divergent plate boundaries at mid-ocean ridges. At mid-ocean ridges convection currents pull the plates apart creating a rift valley. This allows hot rock from deep within the earths mantle to melt and erupt onto the seafloor forming bas alt. (Honan, 2011) At oceanic hotspots basalt is also formed. Hotspots are areas in the cente of tectonic plates where hot plumes of magma force there way to the surface. Basalt is formed at these hotspots when an eruption occurs on the ocean floor. If the eruptions are repeated enough times the basalt can build the volcanic cone larger and larger to form an island. The Hawaiian Islands are an example of this. (http://geology. com/rocks/basalt. shtml) Basalt is also formed in a continental environment where mantle plumes or hotspots can deliver large quantities of magma up to the earths surface. These eruptions generally form from fissures or vents and they produce some of the largest basalt flows on the continents. (http://geology. com/rocks/basalt. html) Basalt can be found in Ireland in the Giant’s Causeway in County Antrim. Limestone Limestone is a sedimentary rock. Sedimentary rocks are created by the processes of chemical or physical weathering . The sediment which is created from the processes of weathering can accumulate over time and eventually build up and harden to form solid rock. (Holden, 2012) Limestone in Ireland formed about 300 to 350 million years in warm shallow seas when Ireland lay close to the equator. Over millions of years the bodies of dead marine creatures such as shellfish and coral fell to the seafloor and built up on the seabed. Mud and sand particles from rivers also fell to the seafloor and added to the sediment. Over time the weight of the accumalting sediment compressed the sediment. Water and air was pushed from the pore spaces and calcium carbonate from the sediment binded the rock together. The process by which loose grains of sediment are compressed to form solid rock is called lithification. (Honan, 2011) Chemical weathering and eroison of limestone rock produced unusual landscapes in Ireland called karst landscapes. An example of a karst landscape in Ireland is the Burren in County Clare. Honan and Mulholland , 2007) Sandstone Sandstone is an inorganically formed sedimentary rock. It forms when particles of igneous, metamorphic and other types of sedimentary rocks are transported by rivers and gather on the seafloor or in lakes. The sediment layers then become compacted and over time cemented together by silica to form sandstone rock. (Honan S. , 2011) Sandstone in Ireland was formed 400-350 millio n years ago when Ireland was situated 30 degrees south of the equator. During this period Ireland was experiencing some very dry desert conditions. Many large rivers flowed across the dry landscape carrying the sediments which over time formed Old Red Sandstone which can now be found in the Cork and Kerry Mountains. (Honan and Mulholland , 2007) Schist Schist is a metamorphic rock. Metamorphic rocks are produced from existing sedimentary or igneous rocks usually as a result of partial melting and recrystallization. The changes normally occur where there is high pressure such as under hundreds of metres of bedrock or where rock is crushed at the meeting point of tectonic plates. Many metamorphic rocks have a layered structure due to this intense external pressure. Metamorphic rocks are often harder and more resistant than sedimentary rocks. (Holden, 2012) Schist in Ireland was formed through regional metamorphism. This is when large areas of rock covering many thousands of square kilometres are metamorphsed. Schist in Ireland was formed about 400 million years ago during the Caledonian folding period. The rocks changed due to huge pressure on the rocks created by plate movement. This deformed the rocks and forced them deep into the earth’s crust where they were heated to temperatures up to 1,000 degrees.

The Political History of Italy Essays -- History of Italy Essays

The political history of Italy is quite extensive. The Greeks were the first to settle in Italy and established colonies in the southern part of the country and in Sicily. There was not a sense of political reality as much as there was a civilization (Windows on Italy- History). While the Greeks controlled the south the Gauls, or Celtic people, ruled the north and the Po Valley. But the most important group to settle in Italy was the Etruscans. Because of their advanced civilization, the Etruscans were the only ones to establish political and cultural ideas before the Roman Empire (Windows on Italy- History). At the end of the Etruscans rule, Rome began a unification of Italy and established Latin to be the general language (Defusco). By 6th century BC, the city of Rome came into power. During this growing power, Rome began fighting other civilizations to expand its territory. Amongst these populations was Rome’s long time friend Carthage. Rome soon became greedy and made war on Carthage in the Second Punic War (Defusco). The Punic Wars lead Rome to gain territories along the Mediterranean basin. At the end of the Third Punic War, Rome defeated Carthage and became the major Mediterranean military power (Windows on Italy- History). In all of Rome’s defeats, Greece was the most significant. The Romans adopted Greek customs and ideas as their own. This changed the society of Rome by developing a new culture and way of thinking. The Roman Empire was soon developed by the ideas of Augustus, leading to a more democratic way of governing. The Empire created an expansion of Roman civilization by its leaders conquering other civilizations. The Empire ruled for many years under many different Emperors. During this time there was a mixture of rule between a hereditary Emperor and a Senate. With the fall of the Empire after the death of Theodosius, Italy was then attack from neighboring civilizations in the north and west. These invasions soon lead to the rising of power in individual city-states (Defusco). The citizens of the cities abolished the ideas of feudalism and searched for their own identity. Their searching lead to violent acts amongst themselves in determining who should govern, but despite the fighting, each city contributed greatly to the economy and helped to raise the cultural energy of Rome (Defusco). By the year 1861, a unified Italy was... ...e the beginning of its unification, Italy has battled with the differences of the north and south. It will take a long time to achieve economic stability in the south, but one that must be reached in order to increase the economic growth for the whole country. With its strong nationalistic views, Italy is well on its way to achieving its goals. Works Cited CIA-World Factbook-Italy. 2001. http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/it.html (26 Nov. 2001). Defusco. Italy-Culture and History. 2001. http://www.defusco.ch/en2_italy.html (26 Nov. 2001). Electric Library. Columbia University Press: 2001. http://www.encyclopedia.com/articlesnews/06518.html (26 Nov. 2001). Embassy of Italy in the United States. Washington D.C.: 2001. http://www.italyemb.org (26 Nov. 2001). U.S. Department of State. 2001. http://www.state.gov/r/pa/bgn/index.cfm?docid=4033 (26 Nov. 2001). Windows on Italy-the Constitution. Italian National Research Council: 2001. http://www.mi.cnr.it/WOI/deagosti/constitu/const1.html (26 Nov. 2001). Windows on Italy-the History. Italian National Research Council: 2001. http://www.mi.cnr.it/WOI/deagosti/history/tribes.html (26 Nov. 2001).

Postal Rule of Acceptance

Four main justifications of Postal Acceptance Rule i. ‘Ad infinitum’ Justification Postal rule had existed almost for 200 years and the post had been creating problems for people which the courts are obliged to solve them logically. Why it had been creating so many problems for people and that we will be discussing later on. For now let’s look at the four main justifications for postal rule of acceptance. It came from Treitel and he believes that the four main justifications are for the creation of postal rule.First of all, the first justification is the â€Å"Ad Infinitum† justification where its main rationale is that acceptance by post has to be valid on posting because if there were no postings which mean there is no contract formed. Based on the case of Adam v Lindsell, the defendant actually mail the offer of selling wool to plaintiff and the plaintiff was requested on mailing back to the defendant. Unfortunately there was an error in the offered pric e and plaintiff did not receive it.We can thus conclude that the defendant had not receive the letter of acceptance and therefore the defendant assume that the plaintiff did not want to accept his offer so he sold the wool to a third party. There was actually a contract exists before the sale of the wool because acceptance made right after the mail is being mailed. Therefore, the defendant was liable in breach of contract. In this case, it might go on ad infinitum because once mail is being posted which means that acceptance is being made.Of course, there is a high level of uncertainty because of the distance between the two parties causing them difficulties for the formation of contract. ii. ‘Symbolic Act’ Justification In this justification, rationale being that the offeror must be considered as continually making (the offer) until he has brought to the knowledge of the person to whom it made that it is withdraw. Based on the case of Brogden v Directors of Metropolita n Railway Co, there was a contract sent by the defendant (Directors of Metropolitan Railway) to the plaintiff (Brogden) regarding the contract.The plaintiff agreed the contract by signing it and return to the defendant. The defendant then filled in the blanks without informing the plaintiff about the acceptance. Since there is no acceptance being communicated between the both parties, the plaintiff did not supply the company with coals. Thus, there was subsequently a dispute arose that whether the written agreement was valid. Although the action of communication of acceptance had not been showed clearly, in fact the written agreement was valid despite no acceptance being informed.Reason being both parties had already agreed on the terms of the contract without any objections. In the real world, we do not see an offeror consistently making an offer to people, and subsequently this justification seems to be attempting to affect a useful acceptance rule rather than providing any real r ationale for the postal rule. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. The Law of Contract, 11th Edition, 2003 page 25 [ 2 ]. Stevenson P. J, 2010 [ 3 ]. (1818) 1 B&A 681 [ 4 ]. Henthorn v Fraser (1892) 2 Ch. 27 [ 5 ]. Stevenson P. J, 2010

The Symbolic Role of Horatio in Hamlet

In Shakespeare’s Tragedy Play Hamlet, Horatio shows as a minor character. However, the contributions and demonstrations he brings to the play and to the audience are very important and abundant. His role in the whole play can be viewed from three angles. First of all, he is most close friend of Prince Hamlet. In all the schemes, he performs as Hamlet’s informer, assistant, counselor and confidant. Secondly, Horatio rationally and wisely witnesses and judges key figures and events in the play.He has directly or indirectly involved all play’s developments from the beginning to the end. Thirdly, highlights the loyalty and intellectual achievements of which humans are capable. Horatio links the audiences and carries the hopes – loyalty to friendships, rationality to human behaviors and future, and bringing the justice to the world. Through the character of Horatio, the key concepts and benefits of loyalty, rationality and hope are portrayedHoratio is Hamlet's most trusted friend as verified from the beginning to the end of the drama. Through his wisdom, he relates the challenges he and Hamlet face with respect to Claudius. In the play, there are three friends for Hamlet. The other two, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, betray Hamlet for their selfish (yet understandable) benefits and find their own final destinations when they arrive at England. Horatio knows Denmark Prince Hamlet from Wittenberg University in England when both of them are scholars there.He comes to Denmark to join the old King, Hamlet’s father’s funeral. Hamlet reveals all his revenge plans to him. Horatio swears himself to top secret about the ghost and Hamlet's pretense of madness to hide from Claudius's. Even more important through the mousetrap play, Horatio conspires closely with Hamlet to prove Claudius's guilt. With all the ensured trusting from the Prince’s letter to him, Horatio is the first to know of Hamlet's return from England. He is the on ly real company when Hamlet discovers Ophelia’s death.In the graveyard, he presents with Hamlet when they view the Yorick’s skull with the talks about glories and death, â€Å"To what base uses we may return, Horatio! Why may not imagination trace the noble dust of Alexander, till he find it stopping a bung-hole? † (5. 1. 192-4). Horatio stays with Hamlet to the end of the tragedy, to the end of Hamlet’s death, with the entire honor, loyalty to friendship, he comments to drink the poised wine to go with the Prince of Denmark: â€Å"I am more an antique Roman than a Dane. /Here’s yet some liquor left† (5. 2. 353-4).Only by the Hamlet’s final and firm request to him to keep live to tell the masses of the story, Horatio survives himself to honor the Prince’s requests, and brings the truth, justness and rightfulness to the world. Horatio best demonstrates his rationality and respectable nature outstanding all other characters in th e play, even the key character Hamlet from this point of view. The guards invite him to see the ghost as their rusting to him as a rational and knowledgeable â€Å"scholar†. (1. 1. 41; 1. 5. 150) At that time, this title is the most respectable name for the verifications or justifications.This is just like nowadays we request the signatures from doctors, teachers or lawyers etc to sign various important documents to verify our life and experiences. He reports to Hamlet and bring him to the castle. With all the cares to Hamlet, he himself provides the audiences calm, resolute, rational and confident views of the ghost and the old King’s story: â€Å"But soft, behold, lo where it comes again; /I’ll cross it hough it blast me† (1. 1. 25-6). By their careful plans and implementations of mouse-play, Hamlet confirms the old King’s murder.Hamlet gets really over excited with the confirmation. However, with the rationalities and intellects, for the best in teresting of the Prince, Horatio calm down Hamlet of any overreactions or rush actions. To meet Hamlet’s will, he brings himself back from emotionality to rationality and reality as he recognizes the importance to satisfactory Hamlet’s requests to tell the world the story. For Hamlet, Horatio is the key connection, witness and judge to attach and the audiences. He helps Hamlet form the play’s consistencies.This has been clearly demonstrated in the whole drama. Only through the conversations between Hamlet and Horatio, could the insides of Hamlet show the audiences the Prince is not really crazy or foolish but kind, sharp with dubiousness and procrastinations for his mission to revenge for his father’s murder. If we could say Hamlet is the emotion core of the drama, we might be able to see Horatio standing for calm, courage and kindness of the play, even directly from Hamlet, â€Å"Horatio, thou art e'en as just a man /As e'er my conversation coped withal †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (3. . 50-70) At the very beginning of the drama, Horatio, with the trust of the guards, help Hamlet to meet the ghost, the old King and discoveries the dirty assassination. At the end of the play, Horatio, who saw the old King’s ghost, is companying and comforting the dying Prince, â€Å"Now cracks a noble heart. Good night, sweet prince, And flights of angels sing thee to thy rest! † (5. 2. 343-4). Without Hamlet, it would be impossible to have the intense and feeling the ups and downs of the love, hate, remorse, hesitate, brave, courage.Without Horatio, it would be very challenge to get the senses of security, wisdom, loyalty and rationality of human being has. The play illustrates the completeness with Horatio banding Hamlet from the start to the end with good hopes left to audiences. Of all the three important roles and contributions Horatio to bring to the audiences, every piece has it own special contribution to the play. Lonely and hesitant Hamlet has at least one of best friends – trustable all time and calm and rational in any situations to conform and counsel.Horatio, really as a wise and intellectual scholar, can help the drama to reality. His unshakable loyalty and common senses lead the audiences to have the expectations when things are or may go wrong. His timely show up in the play has brought audience to both Hamlet and the audiences to the reality with logical senses. Horatio is the symbol of loyalty, rationality and hope in the great tragedy Hamlet. Works Cited Hamlet May 6, 2012.Primary Sources: Shakespeare, William. Hamlet. ed. Ann Thompson and Neil Taylor. London [England]: Thomson Learning, 2006. Shakespeare, William. Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. ed. Philip Edwards. Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press, 2003. Secondary Sources: Babra, Neil. Hamlet. Adaptation of Hamlet by William Shakespeare New York : Sparknotes, 2008. Coville, Bruce. William Shakespeare's Hamlet. New York : Dial Books, 2004. . Hamlet. Dir. Franco Zeffirelli. Producer Dyson Lovell. Carolco International N. V. DVD. 1990. Shakespeare, William. Hamlet. ed. The Rector and Visitors. University of Virginia, 2000. Shakespeare, William. Hamlet. edited and rendered into modern English by Alan Durband. Hauppauge, N. Y. Barron's, 1986. Hamlet. 28 April 2012 . Horatio in Hamlet. 30 April 2012 Hoy, Cyrus. ed. Hamlet by William Shakespeare. New York: Norton, 1992. Leggatt, Alexander. Shakespeare's tragedies: violation and identity. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005. Marsden, John. Hamlet & Ophelia: a novel. Toronto: Harper Trophy Canada, 2009. Shakespeare Hamlet Notes. Coles Editorial Board, Toronto: Coles Notes, 2001. Shakespeare's Horatio An analysis of Hamlet's Friend Horatio. 30 March 2012 . Scene 4 – Hamlet – A Comprehensive Analysis of Shakespeare's Greatest Tragedy. 30 April 2012 .

Dinner at the Homesick Restaurant essays

Dinner at the Homesick Restaurant essays A wise man once said There are no perfect people in the world, just perfect intentions. This statement exemplifies Pearl Tull. Pearl is the centerpiece of Dinner at the Homesick Restaurant; a novel which tells the story of her life through the eyes of the people she loved most, her children. Dinner at the Homesick Restaurant, by Anne Tyler, is a bittersweet novel which demonstrates how one mothers perfect intentions became just the opposite and turned what should have been an ideal family into a group of torn-apart adults who only have a vague idea of what a family should be. Late in her time, as her life was drawing to a close, Pearl Tull laid in her bed with her favorite child, Ezra, nearby. Pearl had become almost completely blind and was about to die, but while her eyes could not see her mind was sharp as a needle. Thoughts rolled in and out of her mind: what should have been, where Ezra should have gone to college, the husband she should have with her, the care her daughter Jenny should have taken about her looks, and most importantly the life she should have had. Pearl had intended nothing but the best for herself and her family but things did not seem to happen the way they should have. Pearl remembers when her intentions first began to sour and turn bad, like milk left in the heat. Her husband Beck, a salesman for the Tanner Corporation, had bought a bow and arrow set for the children. In his eyes this would create the opportunity for the perfect family trip that could bring the family together. The entire family went out on that Sunday, Jenny (the youngest), Ezra (the gentle one), and Cody (the oldest and most troublesome). Cody became extremely upset over Ezra doing something better, acted impulsively and caused an arrow to be shot unexpectedly, hitting his mother in the shoulder. Pearl remembered the trip clearly, as did Cody and Beck. Cody remembered, &...

Harvesting Pine Straw for Mulch

Harvesting Pine Straw for Mulch Pine straw is fast becoming the favored mulch and ground-cover for landscapers and homeowners in urban America. This trend is providing another non-traditional ways for a pine forest to provide extra income to the forest owner. Here are the most frequently asked questions about the increasingly lucrative pine needle harvest. Here are answers to many questions asked by people wanting to learn a bit more about harvesting pine straw. This Frequently Asked Questions page is for those interested in growing pine straw for harvest or for those who want to use pine straw as a mulch. Q: When is a pine forest ready for its first needle harvest?A: You have a potentially productive situation when an already established stand of pines reach at least 8 years of age. Q: What species of pine is considered the best for mulching and landscaping?A: Raking and baling is much easier when you have long needles. A short needled tree is nearly impossible to prepare correctly for handling, transporting...read more. Q: What season do you harvest pine needles?A: The Fall. It has been found that October and November are usually the best months to harvest straw as it is when you will harvest the most in the best condition...read more. Q: At what age is a pine forest most productive for needles?A: Needle-fall in a pine stand increases with age to a peak at age 15 years. The drop remains relatively constant...read more. Q: What can I expect pine straw yields to be?A: If you begin raking when a pine stand is 6 years old, the yields will be relatively low at 50 to 75 bales per acre. At age 10, pine straw...read more. Q: Is removing needles from a site harmful?A: Yes and no. Repeated removal of the pine straw may have dramatic effects on a forest stand...read more. Q: Should I fertilize my pine stand?A: Fertilizer may be used to improve tree growth and replace some of the nutrients that are removed with raking. Fertilization may also increase...read more. Q: What should I expect to get for my pine straw?A: Sources in North Carolina suggest that Private landowners often sell their longleaf pine straw to producers, who do the raking and baling. The producer pays...read more. Q: Where can I get pine straw help?A: The best source of information on pine needle mulch is with your agricultural extension forester or your state forester...read more. Q: Why is the pine needle so popular a mulch to homeowners? A: Landscapers and building contractors are just discovering that pine straw works much better than bark nuggets or...read more.

Is there an afterlife and what would be required for an afterlife Essay

Is there an afterlife and what would be required for an afterlife - Essay Example Death has been considered the only certain thing in life. There is even consensus to the effect that a number of changes take place during the transition from life to death, which therefore follows that changes making up life are distinct from those making up survival. In distinguishing these two varying changes, we can give a number of personal identity criteria through time to explain death (Baillie, 1993). First, we can use a criterion that has been popularized by Hume, Plato and a multiplicity of world religions. According to this criterion, human beings are either immaterial souls or even pure egos (Hume, 1739). This can be construed to mean that human beings possess the physical bodies only on a contingent basis and therefore not a necessity as far as living (in this life and the afterlife) is concerned. This being the case therefore, it is proper to argue that human being continues to live even after death. If anything their bodies are contingent and not necessarily a must-hav e in their living and especially their afterlife (Ayer, 2006). The second criterion has to do with the claim that a human being has two distinct components namely a body and a mind. This criterion, the so-called Cartesian Dualism, named so in honor of Rene Descartes, claim that the two components namely, the material body and the immaterial mind are distinct and therefore can exist separately. In fact it goes on to claim that the immaterial mind can exist separately from the material body particularly when the material body dies. This idea has however failed to convince many people because of a number of obvious faults in the reasoning behind it. For instance, is it logical for an immaterial mind to effect any change in a material body? This is the main problem that this idea has been unable to address, a problem that has since assumed the name â€Å"the problem of interactionism† (Levine, 1989). The reasons that Hume advance in arguing that death is survivable are convincing in whichever one looks at them. For instance, I am convinced that there must be another component that leaves the body to rot, otherwise what happened when a human being is resurrected by a supernatural being. Does he/she resurrect with another body or the same body which at the time must have long decomposed. This clearly demonstrates just how probable a human being might possess a separate invisible component that is left behind after his/her fresh dies and subsequently decomposes (Jerome, 1966). In opposing the idea of an afterlife, Hume argues that every creature’s ability is always proportionate to the task ahead of it. This is best demonstrated in a Hare’s or an Antelope’s ability to out-run a fox or a Lion respectively. It is also the reason why a Hare have not been equipped with the ability to appreciate Operas, which would be superfluous to its life. Given that a match between abilities and tasks has been found to cut across all creatures, it is reason able to assume that we are also matched to the tasks before us (Hume & Sayre-McCord 2006). Looked in the context of our ‘design flaws’ as far as having the ability to anticipate an afterlife is concerned, one can only conclude that there is no afterlife. Look at the way we are normally less concerned with doing good for a reward in our afterlife. Look a

The Causes of Eating Disorders for High School Students and How Can it Essay

The Causes of Eating Disorders for High School Students and How Can it be Mitigated - Essay Example The most affected are children and teenagers which constitute about 90%. It has also been found that women have a high prevalence rate than men with about 1 in 5 women showing symptoms of eating disorders. Though, the number of male victims has been doubling. With about 5.6% of teenagers dying of eating disorders related illness, this condition qualifies to be an educational problem (Laird & Janet, 2010). Therefore, the choice the topic is relevant for research purposes. Moreover, the worst hit by the condition are school going children. To this end, this research essay seeks to answer three research questions. They are: What are the common types of eating disorders for high school children? What are the causes? How can it be mitigated? In developing the research question, the following procedure was followed. After deciding on the research a topic, an extensive literature review was done after which clear and concise questions were posed. However, the questions are broad and a short research essay may cover the issues comprehensively. The research also relies on the analysis of existing data and information and this may result into unreliable and invalid findings and conclusions. . Since the research concentrates on seeking answers to eating disorders in high school children, it can be classified under explanatory research. This type of research attempts to ask questions why a given phenomena exits or why an occurrence has happened (Gary & Nancy). Many medical authors define eating disorders as a group of psychological condition that alters a person eating habits and behavior. These habits are unhealthy, maladaptive and abnormal in nature. Therefore, the disorder affects both the physical and emotional states of the victims. Although there are many eating disorders, three types are common in high school children namely: anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder. The anorexia nervosa is characterized by maintenance of low body weight brought a bout by too much concern about body weight and shape. The affected students have great fear of becoming fat. This condition is dominant in girls because they are more preoccupied with image than boys. To achieve low weight, the students take food with low calorific value. The symptoms of this condition include: weak body brought by poor nutrition, bone loss and absence of menstruation in girls. It also results into late puberty and stunted growth (Susan, 2008). The second type, bulimia nervosa is characterized by excessive intake of food after short interval followed by compensatory habits such as excessive exercise and induced vomiting. This disorder leads to digestive system problems, dehydration and fatigue. The last type, the binge eating disorder, is simply recurrent large intake of food without practicing compensatory habit. The victims have no control of their condition and in most cases feel ashamed of it. This disorder can cause obesity. Other diseases associated with it ar e diabetes, high blood pressure and stoke. It is difficult to determine the exact cause of eating disorder in an individual. Nevertheless, several factors have been found to cause eating disorders. These range from biological to cultural. However, the later is the main cause of this condition. The problem has got more to do with fashion trend than genetics. Currently, most people in the world associate thinness of body with beauty. The media has propagated this notion by misinforming the public that the starting point to modeling is body size. When a celebrated artist or star supports such a position as in the recent

The Art of Jepanese Buddhist Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Art of Jepanese Buddhist - Essay Example â€Å"Buddhist art originated from Indian subcontinents, with contact from other cultures all over Asia and passage of time. The art spread rapidly to other parts of Asia and into Japan† (Kim 267). We are going to use images of Buddha from the Jordan Schnitzer Museum of Art in our university. This paper aims at explaining the introduction of Buddhist art and development that come along as a result of Buddhism in Japan. As said above, Buddhist art owes its origin to the Indian subcontinent, the Buddhist religion and art thought to have come from China into Japan through the Korean peninsula. The Buddhist art encouraged by prince Shotoku and emperor Shomu in Seiko (6th century). This period also known as Nara period and was during the eighth century. This period in conjunction with Heian and Kamakura saw Buddhist art grow to a great extent. Several ceremonies accompanied this period, Nara, one of the most famous eye opening ceremony performed by the Japanese, at that time always accompanied by a sumptuous vegetarian banquet during the fourth of 752 for the Birushana. This ceremony is commonly known as â€Å"Great Buddha† of Todai-ji. These ceremonies get conducted in front of an icon with flowers, incense and candles. As long as the eye opening ceremony had not been performed on the carved woods, these icons got regarded as inanimate wooden substances or plants; Heian period then followed. During the early stages of Heian period, architecture and Buddhist art significantly influenced the traditional Shinto arts and Hindu art. This resulted into Buddhist painting becoming fashionable especially among the affluent Japanese. Kamakura period saw to the blossoming of the country’s Buddhist sculpture which owes its origin greatly to the works of Heian period. Buddhist art seems diverse, bold and creative. The period after 13th century saw a changeover to Zen art from orthodox Buddhist art (Joseph 652). This philosophy introduced into the country vi a Dogen and Eisai on the return journey from China. Hosts of several unique pottery and paintings showing their desire to unravel the true meaning of life can still be found belonging to that time. Art forms like martial arts and Ikebana also came up during that period. The Amida sect of the religion availed the foundation for many famous artworks. Buddhist arts gained popularity among several citizens as they fell in love with the scroll paintings, paintings of Buddhas, paintings applied in worship, hell and other religious themes. While under the Zen, sect portraitures of holy priests such as Bodhi dharma also gained popularity in addition to Sumi-e brush painting and scroll calligraphy. The popularity of Buddhist arts led to an increase in the number of Buddhist’s Temples to about 80,000 Temples in Japan, majority of these Buddhist’s Temples being made from wood. This compelled the Buddhists to carry out massive restoration in order to preserve the holy Temples. The arrival of Buddhism into Japan played a significant role in the Buddhist art, â€Å"its introduction from a Korean kingdom known as Paekche† (Charles 232) as part of a series of diplomatic exchanges that perpetuated into a wider awareness of the material cultures and beliefs of Korea and China. Further cultural exchanges during the 6th and 7th centuries brought not only a writing system (using Chinese characters), but also a religion; consequently, this led to a highly refined material culture and a sophisticated

Chocolate: History and Benefits

Chocolate: History and Benefits CHOCOLATE Chocolate has become one of the most popular food types and flavors in the world. Gifts of chocolate molded into different shapes have become traditional on certain holidays: chocolate bunnies and eggs are popular on Easter, chocolate coins on Hanukkah, Santa Claus and other holiday symbols on Christmas, and hearts on Valentines Day. Chocolate is also used in cold and hot beverages, to produce chocolate milk and hot chocolate. Most of us know chocolate as a deliciously decadent sweet that we eat in cookies, cakes, candy bars, and other desserts. But around the world, many people have prepared chocolate as a bitter, frothy drink or even as part of a main meal served at dinnertime. And, chocolate isnt simply a snack or key ingredient in cooking. Over the centuries, many cultures have used the seeds from which chocolate is made cacao , as a sacred symbol in religious ceremonies. Plus, medicinal remedies featuring chocolate have been used as household curatives across the globe. You might think from where chocolate comes from or what it was chocolate below will be discussed on the chocolate : Chocolate. Chocolate comes from cacao tree. Cultivation of cacao trees can occur only in tropical climates, 20 degrees north or south of the equator. A growing regions including West Africa, Brazil, Ecuador and the Indies. Generally, it takes five years before the trees start bearing fruit in the form of pods. Each pod contains an average of 20-40 cocoa cream. Nearly 400 seeds needed to make one pound of chocolate liquor, semi-liquid mass produced by grinding the seeds. A non-alcoholic substances, Chocolate liquor is the basis of all chocolate products and cocoa. Once harvested, the beans had fermented, where they begin to develop their characteristic brown color. Then dry the seeds and sent to the United States and countries other chocolate industry, where producers of chocolate and roasted seeds clean. After the abolition of its outer shell, seeds will be broken into smaller pieces known as meat, or nibs. The nibs, which contain an average of 53% cocoa butter, and then ground, producing enough heat to melt the cocoa butter and cocoa liquor to produce. Chocolate can be processed into cocoa powder by pressing most of the cocoa butter from chocolate liquor. Dutched cocoa powder, cocoa powder is natural to neutralize the acidity. Having a darker color and different flavors. The word chocolate comes from xocoatl (Aztec language) which means a bitter drink. The Aztecs and Maya in Mexico believe that the god of Agriculture has sent chocolate that comes from heaven to them. Cortes then took him to Spain between the years 1502-1528, and by the Spanish people are mixed with the bitter drink that sugar tastes better. Brown then spread to France, the Netherlands and the UK. In the year 1765 chocolate factory was established in Massachusetts, United States. A Brief History of Chocolate from . â€Å"Creative Chocolate† History of Chocolate Christopher Columbus is believed the first European to discover chocolate. When Columbus returned to Spain in 1502 from the fourth voyage to the New World, he introduced many treasures to the palace of King Ferdinand. Among them were cocoa beans, almond-shaped seeds of the cacao tree which is the source of all chocolate and cocoa products we enjoy today. Several decades later, during the conquest of Mexico, Spanish explorer, Hernando Cortez, found Aztec Indians using cocoa beans to prepare a drink called chocolatl, which means warm liquid. Aztec Emperor Montezuma, who reportedly drank 50 or more servings each day, serving guests this royal drink ceremony at the gold cup, treat it like nectar to the gods. In fact, the botanical name of the cacao tree, Theobroma cacao, pays homage to the myth of origin. Translated from the Greek, Theobroma means food of the gods. Aztecs believed that the prophets had brought cocoa beans to their lands. Thus, beans are a valuable commodity, not only to be used as king beverage but also as a medium of exchange. Four cacao beans is the price of a turkey, for example. Cortez, chocolatl described as divine drink that build resistance and fights fatigue, and the like, conceived the idea of sweetening the bitter drink with cane sugar. Recipe for sweet, frothy drink undergone some more changes in Spain, where newly discovered spices such as cinnamon and vanilla are added to taste. Spain wisely began to plant cacao trees on property overseas, but leave the processing of cocoa beans to monasteries under a veil of secrecy. They save the recipe to themselves for nearly 100 years, but the secret was finally leaked to the whole of Europe. As first, chocolate is restricted to the nobility. In fact, the Spanish Princess Maria Theresa presented cacao seeds as an engagement gift Louis XIV, and brown quickly became anger of the Court of French style. Famous historical figures Casanova and Madame DuBarry both believed that chocolate was conducive to romance. So, chocolate became popular in 1657 the first of many English chocolate houses was founded, to serving drinks to the general public. Chocolate arrived in the American colonies in 1765, when the first chocolate factory opened in New England. Even Thomas Jefferson praised the goodness of chocolate, describing the benefits of chocolate for health and food. Brown mass production begins when the steam engine invented by James Watt in 1770, the engine in the cocoa grinding process, which replaces time-consuming hand-making methods. The discovery of cocoa press in 1828 by CJ Van Houten did much to improve the quality of the drink by pressing out part of the cocoa butter, the fat that occurs naturally in cocoa beans. In the mid-19th century, two significant developments revolutionized the chocolate industry. In 1847, an English company introduced solid eating chocolate. Now the public can enjoy eating chocolate out of the hands or in the form of drinks. Three decades later, in Vevey, Switzerland, Daniel Peter found that milk can be added to chocolate to create a new product, just called milk chocolate. Since then, chocolate has been made in the form of solid bar and to put candy, as well as a baked goods, ice cream, and taste of milk. The value of chocolate as a portable food for both the energy and enthusiasm has long been known. The following are some types of chocolate can be distinguished, namely: 1.Pure chocolate pure chocolate here is unsweetened chocolate, especially chocolate contains cocoa solids and cocoa butter in various proportions. It also most chocolate consumed today is in the form of sweet chocolate, the combination of chocolate with sugar. 2. Milk chocolate sweet The chocolate with added milk powder or condensed milk, or used in the call Whith chocolate contains cocoa butter, sugar, and milk but no cocoa solids. 3. Dark chocolate This serves as chocolate health benefits, because it has antioxidants in large quantities and can reduce free radical formation. Dark chocolate also has functions to reduce the possibility of a heart attack when consumed regularly in a small amount. 4. White chocolate formed from a mixture of sugar, cocoa butter and milk solids. Although texture is similar to milk and dark chocolate, but white chocolate contains no cocoa solids. Therefore, many countries do not regard as entirely white chocolate. Because not contain cocoa solids, white chocolate does not contain theobromine, which means it can be consumed by animals. 5. Semisweet chocolate that is a dark brown with a low sugar content. Bittersweet chocolate namely chocolate in form of liquor given a little sugar, with more cocoa butter, vanilla and sometimes lecithin has been added. chocolate is also less sugar and alcohol. 6.Unsweetened chocolate which is pure chocolate liquor, also known as bitter or baking chocolate. This is pure chocolate: pure, ground, roasted cacao beans instill strong chocolate taste 7. Cocoa butter is a natural fat from cocoa beans. Has a soft aroma of chocolate, but it was very bitter. It is used to give body, smoothness, and taste for chocolate. Or liquor can be poured into molds, cooled and hardened into without sugar, or cake, chocolate. The higher the cocoa butter content, the thinner the viscosity of the final chocolate product. The majority of chocolate in Europe has a cocoa butter content is higher than that made in America. Chocolate plus cocoa butter, sugar and vanilla aroma processed to produce a dark, aromatic chocolate. Different chocolate liquor ratios produce sweet, semisweet and bitter chocolate. To make chocolate milk, whole fresh milk is added to this mixture. White chocolate is a mixture of cocoa butter, sugar, milk and vanilla made flavoring. Some manufacturers use pure chocolate, not made with pure vanilla vanillin as a flavoring and use milk solids rather than whole milk. Some dark chocolate can contain milk products. Approximately two-thirds of the total world cocoa produced in West Africa, with 43% sourced from Cà ´te dIvoire. According to the World Cocoa Foundation, some 50 million people around the world depend on cocoa as a source of livelihood in the UK, most of them bought their chocolate from chocolatiers, melt, mold and package their own designs. Although some disagreement in the EU about the definition, chocolate is any product made primarily of cocoa and cocoa solid fats. Production costs can be reduced by reducing cocoa solid content or by replacing cocoa butter with non-fat cocoa. Cocoa farmers object to allowing the resulting food is called brown, because the risk of lower demand for their crops. There are two main tasks associated with creating chocolate candy, chocolate makers and chocolatiers. Chocolate makers use harvested cacao beans and other ingredients to produce couverture chocolate. Chocolatiers use the finished couverture to make chocolate candies (bars, truffles, etc.) Cacao Varieties Small cacao tree, the tree-understory trees that need rich, well drained soil. They grow naturally in 20 degrees of both sides of the equator because they need about 2,000 millimeters of rainfall per year, and temperatures in the range of 21-32 degrees Celsius. Cacao tree can not tolerate temperatures lower than 15 degrees Celsius (59 degrees Fahrenheit) These three main varieties of cacao beans used in chocolate is criollo, forastero and trinitario. Representing only five percent of all cocoa beans grown : 1. criollo is the rarest and most expensive in the cocoa market and the native Central America, Caribbean islands and the north American countries Selatan.Ada some dispute about the genetic purity of cocoas sold today as Criollo, because most of the affected populations have different genetic varieties . Criollos are difficult to grow, because they are vulnerable to environmental threats and produce low results of cocoa per tree. Criollo taste is described as a complex yet delicate, classic chocolate low, but rich in secondary notes of long duration. 2. the most common are peanuts forastero, a large group of wild and cultivated cacaos, most likely the original Amazon. African cocoa crops entirely from various Forastero. They are significantly hardier and higher yields than Criollo. Source of most chocolate marketed, usually forastero cocoas strong in classic chocolate flavor, but it has a short duration and not supported by a secondary sense, to produce soft enough chocolate. 3 . Trinitario a natural hybrid of Criollo and Forastero. Trinitario originated in Trinidad after an introduction to Forastero local Criollo crop. Almost all the cocoa production for five decades is of lower Forastero or Trinitario class varieties. Chocelate is one of the snacks that are very much the favorite by many people ranging from children, young people, adults, even old people. maybe a lot of people ask if too much chocolate will be much negative impact to your body. maybe one of you who want to ask about it. a lot of people assume that the chocolate most damaging their limbs have also thinks that chocolate healthy for the body. many of the arguments coming from people who do not necessarily true certainty The following will be discussed on chocelate functions for the body Y Gynecology chocolate and function According to Mayan belief, chocolate is the food of the gods. Beans original flavor is bitter due to alkaloid content, but after going through the process engineering can produce chocolate as a food favored by anyone. Cocoa beans contain 31% fat, carbohydrates and protein 14% 9%. Chocolate is rich in protein amino acid tryptophan, phenylalanine, and tyrosin. Although chocolate contains a high-fat, but relatively easy to rancidity because chocolate also contains polyphenols (6%) which functions as an antioxidant ketengikan deterrent. Fat in chocolate, often called cocoa butter, mostly composed of saturated fat (60%), especially stearic. But the brown fat is a vegetable fat that did not contain cholesterol. To keep pressing the saturated fat that is not too high, it is better to limit eating chocolate just one cigarette per day and consumes mebatasi supplement or other food containing catechins such as apple and tea. In research involving human subjects, found that consumption of brown fat to produce total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol lower than the consumption of butter or beef fat. So although both saturated fat but the effect was produced different cholesterol. High content of stearic to chocolate allegedly the reason why brown fat is not as bad as animal fats. Have long been known that stearic acid is a neutral fat that will not trigger blood cholesterol. Why? Stearic was digested slowly by the body and also absorbed less. One third of fat found in chocolate is oleic acid is an unsaturated fatty acid. Oleic acid was also dominant in the olive oil. Epidemiological studies in a Mediterranean population consume a lot of oleic acid from olive oil oleic concluded positive effect on heart health. Eating chocolate will not cause addiction, but for some delicious chocolate may cause the desire to consume again. This is called Craving chocolate. The impact of chocolate on behavior and mood (mood) is closely related to Craving chocolate. Brown could miss because of the aroma, texture, sweet-bitter and so on. It is also often associated with the content Phenylethylamine is a substance similar amphetanine can increase absorption of tryptophan into the brain which then in turn produce dopamine. Impact of dopamine is a sense of fun and improved mood. Phenylethylamine is also considered to have aphrodisiac properties that give rise to a feeling like someone is falling in love (heart flowers). It is said that King Montezuma in ancient times always drunk chocolate before harem-harem rotate different every night. Catechins are powerful antioxidants contained in chocolate. One of the functions of antioxidants is to prevent premature aging that can occur due to pollution or radiation. Catechins are also found in tea even though there were not as high on chocolate. Parents are often ancient practice with a water wash of tea because it can make facial skin glowing and youthful. If they know that chocolate contains catechins is higher than the tea, maybe theyll suggest a shower scrubs with chocolate. Chocolate also contains theobromine and caffeine. Both these substances have been known to give effect to those who consume them awake. Therefore when we are dozing off at the airport or waiting for long queues, eating chocolate potent enough to make us excited again. A study reported by the BBC showed that the chocolate melts in the mouth resulted in increased brain activity and heart rate are more intense than that associated with passionate kisses, and also lasted four times longer after the activity ended. Y Circulatory Benefits Dark chocolate may have some beneficial effects on human health. This is mainly due to specific substances present in cocoa called epicatechin. Cacao has a significant antioxidant action, protecting against oxidation of LDL (bad fats), perhaps more than other polyphenol antioxidant-rich foods and beverages. Several studies have also observed modest reduction in blood pressure and flow-mediated dilation after consuming dark chocolate every day. Consuming milk chocolate or white chocolate, or drinking milk containing fat with dark chocolate, appears largely to negate the health benefits. Processed cocoa powder, processed with alkali greatly reduces the antioxidant capacity compared to the raw cocoa powder. Processing cocoa with alkali destroys most of the flavonoids. Y 1. Chocolate Power Boost Brain Function Chocolate contains many substances that are as stimulants such as theobromine, phenethylamine, and caffeine, compounds that have been found previously to be increased level of awareness and ability to concentrate. The results showed, by consuming chocolate can have stimulating effects that will make increased mental performance. Also chocolate can also improve memory both verbally and visually. Y 2. Prevent the risk of coronary heart disease, diabetes and cancer Brown has the ability to inhibit oxidation of LDL cholesterol (bad cholesterol) and improve immune function, thus preventing the risk of coronary heart disease and cancer. Y 3. Increase libido and durable power Why chocolate can be included in the list of food required during sexual activity? In his report tells Akunyili chocolate contains chemicals that have very diverse, in which predicted chocolate contains more than 300 chemical substances, including caffeine in small amounts, teobromin, and a stimulant called Phenylethylamine (associated with amphetamines) are also contained in chocolate, which proved could raise the interest and sexual function in eating chocolate. Y 4. Making age a person becomes longer Besides it felt good, ate beneficial chocolate making age a person becomes longer. By controlling the physical activity undertaken, smoking, and eating habits found that those who like to eat sweets / chocolates age older than one year are not eating. Allegedly contained phenol antioxidants in chocolate is the reason why they can outliv!! From all of the above explanations, there are many functions or nutrient content in the chocolate .. for the fans of chocolate or also called chocolaters do not be afraid to eat chocolate. because some studies say that chocolate can make us healthy heart .. but of course with the right dosage and not excessive in eating chocolate .. for that lets find out what content is on chocolate and its function Chocolate made from cocoa beans are rich in aromatic compounds called flavonoids, which are also found in tea leaves, fruits and vegetables. To date, more than 4000 kinds of flavonoids have been identified, including those contained in chocolate. Flavonoids act as antioxidants, neutralizing the bad effects of free radicals that can destroy cells and body tissues. One half ounce of dark chocolate bars only have about 800 milligrams of antioxidants, or the same amount as contained in a cup of black tea. Hmm amazing is not it? It was nice useful again. Although chocolate contains a high-fat, but relatively easy to rancid, because chocolate also contains polyphenols that act as antioxidants preventing bad smells. For the fat in chocolate, often called cocoa butter, vegetable fat that is totally not contain cholesterol. Even in the research, found that consumption of brown fat to produce a total cholesterol lower than the consumption of butter or beef fat. So although both saturated fat but the effect was produced different cholesterol. This means eating much more healthy chocolate. One third of fat found in chocolate is oleic acid is an unsaturated fatty acid. Oleic acid was also dominant in the olive oil. Epidemiological studies in a Mediterranean population consume a lot of oleic acid from olive oil oleic conclude a positive effect on heart health. Their heart is stronger than consume less chocolate. The question that often arises is how much we should eat chocolate? In the U.S., chocolate consumption contributes only 1 percent of the total fat intake as stated by the National Food Consumption Survey (1987-1998). This amount is relatively small, especially when compared with the contribution of meat (30%), cereals (22%), and milk (20%). Actually there is no definitive recommendations for nutrition, to chocolaters chocolate 2-3 times a week or drink chocolate milk every day is acceptable. Principles of nutrition that is actually easy to eat all kinds of food are moderate. Nutritional problems generally arise when we eat too much or too little. Chocolate in general most of the existing supply is chocolate bars or chocolate blocks and there are 2 types of divided, namely: 1. Couverture Chocolate Made from 100% chocolate derived from cacao beans outlined in the content of couverture chocolate is the cocoa mass and cocoa butter and sugar (for the type of dark chocolate, while milk and white for normal use milk solids in it to replace cocoa powder ) for bitter and sweet depending on the balance between the number of real chocolatenya with sugar. Besides it feels good, good for health but had a weakness in the storage and handling (especially for praline and somewhat sensitive to heat) 2. Inside the compound chocolate compound chocolate is almost the same composition with couverture chocolate, but cocoa butter is replaced by other vegetable fats are cheaper as coconut or soya oil. Cocoa butter is also sebenernya including vegetable fat, but why is the butter may have had the same yellow color and expensive like butter. In a sense tends to compound chocolate semi-sweet or sweet because a lot of understanding of bitter chocolate reply is not chocolate, but it is much easier handling. Compound chocolate is more often used for chocolate decoration and sometimes also to make Ganache, praline and others. In consideration of the price is much cheaper than couverture. We certainly never thought that the chocolate we enjoy often have many benefits. One of them was able to inhibit dementia brown. Just a piece of chocolate (Dark Chocolate) contains a type of antioxidant flavonols. Flavonols itself helps increase blood flow to the brain significantly. And indirectly increase the power But the chocolate sold in the market today contain low flavonol because most of the flavonols which had a bitter taste is removed. Also pay attention to the caloric content, because the chocolate bars sold high caloric content, so as to consume them still have to be limited. So still recommended choosing dark chocolate with cocoa content (cocoa content) 65-95%,. In addition to safe and healthy are also more tasty, although a little bitter Chocolate can manage mood (mood) .. Eating chocolate will not cause addiction, but chocolaters already know that chocolate has a sensation of pleasure that millions of forbidden to pass away. For some people enjoy the sensation of chocolate is very diverse, able to simply express affection or just add warmth chocolaters and couples. Also a nice chocolate may cause the desire to eat again. This is called Craving chocolate. Longing for chocolate aroma, texture, sweet, bitter, and sebagainya.cokelat can affect mood or even make people feel happy and enjoy when eating cokelate.We should learn more to know about pregnancy. So far the research results reveal that there is a correlation relationship between the content in chocolate with a positive mood effects. There are two very powerful substance to this, namely Phenylethylamine and Seratonin is a substance that triggers mood. Gynecology Phenylethylamine is a substance that can increase the absorption tryptophan (sedative substance content) into the brain which in turn produce dopamine. Impact of dopamine is a sense of fun and improved mood. Phenylethylamine is also considered to have properties that give rise to a feeling like someone in love. Other substances contained in chocolate is catechins. Catechins are powerful antioxidants contained in chocolate. One of the functions of antioxidants is to prevent premature aging that can occur due to pollution or radiation. Both substances are also produced by the human brain while having fun, love or passionate romance. So do not be surprised when we feel the mood changes after eating chocolate. . INILAH.COM, London you are suffering from a heart attack? From now on, do not be too worried. Take a chocolate snack at least twice a week. Risk of death from heart attack can be reduced. At least thats the latest research in the UK. Research results show, nearly 70% who loved chocolate reduces the risk of death from heart problems than those who only occasionally. Of course, what is meant here is not chocolate with high milk content. Nor is chocolate with high fat. Findings published in the Journal of Internal Medicine, the chocolate was beneficial to health is dark brown. Previous studies have mentioned a rich dark brown with flavonoids, may reduce the risk of blood clots, protect against colon cancer, and even help prevent preterm labor. Antioxidants are compounds that protect against free radicals, molecules that accumulate in the body and damage cells. In England, the heart of the issue remains one of the largest Incredibly Deadly Viper. Approximately 270,000 people die each year due to a heart attack. One third of them died before they reached the hospital. Sometimes it happens because they put off seeking help. If someone is lucky enough to survive a heart attack, they could have had a number of disorders which drastically increases the risk of death from heart problems in the future. But, recent research conducted Karolinska Institute in Stockholm, Sweden, indicating chocolate snack can be the perfect helper. They do research on 1169 patients aged between 45-70 years old who entered the hospital because of heart attack between 1992-1994. Each patient was questioned about her diet habits, including how much they eat chocolate. The results showed those who ate chocolate twice a week or more, 66% of them did not die because of heart problems than those who do not eat chocolate. While those who enjoy chocolate once a week, can reduce the risk by half. While a snack once a day or less than that, just get a bit of profit, which reduces the risk of death only 27%. The effect of chocolate on health, in recent years, attract interest. But we know, no study of possible effects of chocolate after a heart attack, said the research actors. Its just that the effect does not apply to users of milk chocolate with high calories. Actually, thats the most popular type of chocolate in the UK, also in other parts of the world, including in Indonesia. We have to interpret this study with caution because it is based on long event. Diagnosis and treatment of heart attacks that we do have ahead of time., Says Ellen Mason, senior cardiac nurse at the British Heart Foundation. According to him, dark chocolate does contain antioxidants. But, the benefits of antioxidant effects also can be obtained from fruits and vegetables. So, please just make chocolate as health care, balanced diet, he said. The negative impact of chocolate and handling 1 Chocolate is not the main cause of dental decay (caries). Damage to the teeth are usually caused by the remnants of food that are not cleaned. When the children accustomed to brushing your teeth after eating chocolate, undoubtedly damaged teeth can be avoided. Moreover, good-quality chocolate such as couverture (pure chocolate), able to melt in the temperature 40 degrees Celsius. The most important thing here is to maintain healthy teeth and mouth as often as possible. Because some cases of dental caries in fact caused by our own lazy brush. 2. Against the risk of obesity Undeniable that obesity is one risk factor for degenerative diseases. But a study at Harvard University shows that if you balance the consumption of chocolate candy with enough physical activity and eat a balanced diet, then the negative effects of chocolate candy need not worry. 3. Kidney stones Brown needs to look out for, especially for people who are prone to suffer kidney stones. 100 g chocolate consumption will increase the excretion of calcium oxalate and tripled. Therefore healthy tips that can be recommended is to drink plenty of water after eating chocolate. Conclutions : Coklat Membuat Hidup Lebih Sehat In fact,chocolate is not as bad as we thought all this time, because chocolate is also contains some benefits. One of it is nutrient for our body. Besides, chocolate gives an adventage for woman beauty. Our bad feeling can also changes by eating some chocolate, maybe one of us think that chocolate make us fatty and have danger effects. Byt, we wont get that entire problem if we consume it regularly and in normal size,not too much. For all chocolate lovers, dont be so negative thinking toward chocolate . so enjoy your Chocolate.